The Enigmatic Stone: What Does Black Tourmaline Truly Looks Like

Black Tourmaline is a striking semi-precious gemstone known for its deep and opaque black color. Its hues can range from bluish-black to greenish-black to brownish-pink depending on the mineral composition. The color arises from the combination of all visible spectrum wavelengths, giving Black Tourmaline an appearance reminiscent of a starless night sky.

The structure of Black Tourmaline contributes greatly to its allure. It is comprised of slender parallel columns that are hexagonal in cross-section. When cut and polished, these columns produce a layered, linear effect unlike any other gemstone. In its raw form, Black Tourmaline exhibits elongated, rod-like prismatic crystals. The striations that run the length of the crystals are so fine, they are barely detectable without magnification. Yet they provide a subtle texture that intensifies Black Tourmaline’s dark beauty.

Black Tourmaline belongs to the tourmaline group of gemstones, which display every color of the rainbow. But among them, Black Tourmaline is the most common and abundant. Its color results from a high concentration of iron and magnesium. Black Tourmaline crystals form deep underground in igneous and metamorphic rocks, as well as in alluvial deposits. Major sources of this gem include Brazil, Pakistan, Australia, Africa and the United States. In the hands of skilled lapidaries, the opaque blackness of this crystal is transformed into cabochons, beads, carvings and faceted jewels with an enigmatic allure.

What is Black Tourmaline?

Black tourmaline, also known as schorl, is the most abundant species of tourmaline crystals. It is an iron-rich boron silicate mineral that composes the tourmaline mineral group. The tourmaline group encompasses a wide variety of gems displaying the full spectrum of rainbow colors.

Black tourmaline gets its dark color from its high concentrations of iron and magnesium. The color can range from a true opaque black to bluish-black, greenish-black, or brownish-pink hues depending on its precise mineral makeup.

Some key identifying properties of black tourmaline include:

• Hexagonal column crystal structure – Black tourmaline has a trigonal crystal system and commonly occurs in long hexagonal columnar crystals. The columns are aligned in parallel along the length of the crystals.
• Deep black color – It is one of the darkest minerals owing to its black, brown, or blue-black hues. The color is both idiochromatic (inherent to the composition) and allochromatic (derived from impurities).
• Opaque texture – Black tourmaline is opaque as opposed to transparent. Light is not transmitted through it.
• Vitreous luster – When light reflects off its surface, it has a glassy luster.
• Prismatic, columnar appearance – Raw crystals have a long, slender prismatic shape.
• Hardness of 7 to 7.5 – It has a hardness of 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs hardness scale.

Where Black Tourmaline is Found

Black tourmaline has a scattered worldwide distribution and has been found on every continent. Some of the most significant deposits are located in:

• Brazil – Minas Gerais, Paraíba, and Bahia states contain important tourmaline mines. Most Brazilian tourmaline is lithium-rich and tends toward pink, red, and watermelon colors rather than black.
• United States – California, Maine, and Connecticut have yielded tourmaline specimens. California’s deposits produce vibrant pink and green gems.
• Africa – Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Nigeria, and Madagascar contain tourmaline deposits. These stones are often bi-colored pink and green crystals.
• Pakistan – The mountainous northern areas of Pakistan contain substantial black tourmaline deposits often exported to the global gem trade.
• Australia – Black tourmaline is found across several Australian states. The dark schorl variety is most common.
• Afghanistan – Nuristan province contains tourmaline mines producing darker gems.
• Russia – The Ural Mountains of Russia produce tourmaline, typically darker green and black schorl varieties.

In terms of geological formations, tourmaline occurs in:

• Pegmatite intrusions – It crystallizes in cavities within igneous pegmatite rocks and granite formations. The cavities allow large crystals to form.
• Metamorphic rocks – Tourmaline is present as small crystals in schist, marble and other metamorphic rocks undergoing high pressure and temperatures.
• Alluvial deposits – Water erosion of host rocks leads to deposition of tourmaline fragments in alluvial sediments.

The most prized black tourmaline specimens are large, undamaged crystals found in pegmatite formations. These embedded crystals can reach lengths of several feet. Alluvial deposits also yield beautiful smaller tumbled stones.

Properties and Characteristics

Now that we’ve covered where it comes from, let’s delve into the properties and characteristics that set black tourmaline apart.

Physical Properties

The physical attributes of this mesmerizing mineral include:

Color

• True black, brownish-black, bluish-black, greenish-black
• Pink, red, yellow, blue and green varieties also exist
• Color arises from presence of iron, magnesium and lithium

Crystal Structure

• Trigonal crystal system
• Hexagonal columnar crystals with striations
• Hardness of 7 to 7.5 on Mohs scale

Luster

• Vitreous to resinous luster
• Surface appears glassy when light reflects off it

Texture

• Opaque
• Does not allow light transmission

A close up showing the fine parallel striations on a black tourmaline crystal.

Chemical Composition

The main elements found in black tourmaline specifically are:

• Silicon, aluminum, and boron – Forms the crystal boron-silicate framework
• Sodium and iron – Iron (Fe2+) gives black tourmaline its black color
• Magnesium – Enhances the black color when present
• Lithium – Pink, red and watermelon tourmalines are lithium-rich

The darkest black tourmaline is a variety called schorl. It has the highest iron content of all tourmaline species. Other black varieties include ferroan dravite and uvite.

Metaphysical Properties

In crystal healing traditions, black tourmaline is renowned for its grounding and protective energies. Some of its metaphysical properties include:

• Grounding stone – Creates a strong earth connection that brings stability
• Purification stone – Cleanses negative energy and repels electromagnetic smog
• Protection stone – Shields your aura and deflects detrimental influences
• Banishes negativity – Absorbs and transforms negative energy into positive vibration
• Stress relief – Soothes anxiety, worry, and obsessive thoughts

The layered structure of black tourmaline is believed to strengthen energy fields and fortify the body’s vitality. It’s credited with promoting emotional resilience, health, and prosperity.

Comparison Table of Black Tourmaline vs Other Black Gemstones

Gemstone	Key Characteristics
Black Tourmaline	– Deep black color – Opacity – Vitreous luster – Hexagonal crystal structure – Hardness of 7-7.5
Black Obsidian	– Volcanic glass – Smooth glassy texture – Conchoidal fracturing – Amorphous structure – Hardness of 5-6
Black Onyx	– Banded variety of agate – Parallel color banding – Microcrystalline quartz – Waxy luster – Hardness of 7
Black Spinel	– Cubic crystal system – Transparent to opaque – Adamantine luster – Rich black color – Hardness of 7.5-8
Black Diamond	– Isotropic crystal structure – Adamantine luster – Extreme hardness of 10 – Rarest natural black gemstone – Very high value
Hematite	– Metallic gray-black color – Red streak color – Specular luster – Layered crystal structure – Hardness of 5-6
Jet	– Organic gemstone – Formed from fossilized wood – Velvety luster – Soft and lightweight – Hardness of 2.5-4

Uses of Black Tourmaline

Black tourmaline’s beauty and metaphysical powers make it popular for both ornamental and spiritual uses. Some of its key applications are:

Jewelry

This versatile gemstone is extensively used in jewelry. The opaque black color provides an edgy and modern look. Common jewelry uses include:

• Cabochons – The most popular cut, polished into rounded dome shapes. Used in rings, pendants, etc.
• Faceted gemstones – Cut into facets that reflect light. Used in intricate jewelry like necklaces.
• Tumbled stones – Small naturally rounded, polished nuggets made into beads and bracelets.
• Carvings – Intricately carved into skulls, animal shapes, deities, and more.

Crystal Healing

For energy healing purposes, black tourmaline can be used through:

• Tumbled stones – Carried in a mojo bag or pocket for ongoing protection.
• Raw crystals – Placed in the home or office to neutralize EMF radiation.
• Jewelry pieces – Worn as talismans to strengthen the aura and auric field.
• Massage wands – Pointed wands applied during massage for grounding.
• Elixirs – Gem elixirs made by soaking crystals in water, used internally or externally.

Mineral Specimens

In museums and private collections, black tourmaline is treasured for its natural crystalline beauty. It is often showcased through:

• Crystal clusters – Natural matrix specimens with multiple protruding tourmaline crystals.
• Single crystals – Individual terminated crystals displayed on stands.
• Slices/wafers – Cut sections showing the Cross sectional structure.
• Carvings/sculptures – Lapidary carved objects like figurines and spheres.

Industrial Uses

Some industrial roles of this versatile mineral include:

• Abrasives – Used in sandblasting abrasives and anti-slip flooring grit.
• Radiation shielding – Mineral has radiation shielding properties.
• Electronics – Piezo and pyroelectric properties allow applications in electronics.
• Optics – Natural dichroism exploited for use in optical instruments.

Buying and Caring for Black Tourmaline

Black tourmaline is relatively affordable compared to many colored tourmaline varieties. Here is some guidance on selecting quality specimens and caring for your crystals:

Buying Tips

• Seek out undamaged, nicely terminated crystal specimens in matrix.
• Evaluate clarity, purity of color, size of crystals.
• For cabochons, look for a high dome, smooth polish, few surface flaws.
• Read seller reviews and buy from reputable sources.

Pricing

• Raw crystals – $5 to $20 per inch of crystal. Larger pieces cost more.
• Tumbled stones – $1 to $5 per stone depending on size.
• Cabochons – $10 to $30 per carat. Better quality costs more.
• Carvings – $20 to $100 depending on intricacy and workmanship.

Caring For Your Crystals

• Clean gently with a soft brush in warm soapy water.
• Avoid harsh chemical cleaners and ultrasonic cleaners.
• Store safely in a fabric lined jewelry box or display case.
• Protect from sharp blows, heat, and prolonged sunlight exposure.

Notable Black Tourmaline Specimens

Some extraordinarily beautiful, valuable, or historic black tourmaline pieces include:

The Empress Dowager Cixi’s Hairpin

This Chinese hairpin from the 19th century Qing dynasty features an carved floral design accented with cabochon black tourmalines and seed pearls. It sold at auction for over $1.3 million.

The Watermelon Tourmaline Crystal on Display at the Smithsonian

This museum piece weighs over 48 pounds and features green caps over a pink core. It was discovered in San Diego County, California in the 1890s.

The Brasilicon Jewelry Suite

Designer Anna Paula Cibils created this iconic suite highlighted by a grand 400 carat black tourmaline cabochon necklace. It exemplifies Brazilian jewel craftsmanship.

The Black Prince’s Ruby

Thought to be a large red spinel mined in Badakhshan, Afghanistan, some evidence indicates it may actually be an early historic black tourmaline. It is part of the British Crown Jewels.

The Hollander Fire Opal-Tourmaline Pendant

This spectacular pendant juxtaposes vivid fire opals with black tourmaline marquise and trillion cut gems set in 18k gold and diamonds. It sold for over $68,000 at auction.

Frequently Asked Questions about Black Tourmaline

What causes the black color in black tourmaline?

The deep black color results from high concentrations of iron and magnesium in the mineral composition. The iron ions produce the dark black hues.

Does black tourmaline only occur in black?

No, tourmaline occurs naturally in every color. But black tourmaline is the most common variety. Other tourmalines can be pink, red, green, blue, yellow, etc.

Is black tourmaline expensive?

Black tourmaline is one of the more affordable tourmaline varieties. Quality black tourmaline gemstones can be purchased for $10 to $30 per carat. Some colored varieties can be over $1000 per carat.

How can you tell black tourmaline apart from onyx?

Black tourmaline has a vitreous luster while onyx has a waxy luster. Tourmaline also has a identifiable hexagonal crystalline structure different than banded onyx.

Does black tourmaline get damaged by water?

No, black tourmaline is safe to clean with water. Avoid harsh chemical cleaners which can damage the surface.

What jewelry uses is black tourmaline suitable for?

Black tourmaline is very versatile and used in all types of jewelry including rings, pendants, beads, cufflinks, and more. The most popular cut is the cabochon.

Can black tourmaline change color?

Natural black tourmaline will not change color. But tourmaline crystals that are originally pink/red may fade with prolonged light exposure.

Is black tourmaline a birthstone?

No, black tourmaline is not a traditional birthstone for any month. But it is an alternative zodiac stone for Capricorn and Scorpio.

What is a schorl tourmaline?

Schorl is a species of black tourmaline with high sodium and iron content. It is the most common tourmaline variety found in nature.

Final Thoughts

In summary, black tourmaline is an exceptional semi-precious gem displaying unique structure, color, and crystal habits. Both prized by lapidaries and metaphysical practitioners, it fashioned into stunning jewelry and revered for its mystical energies. If you’re looking to add a versatile black gemstone with an air of mystery to your collection, look no further than alluring black tourmaline.